Mechanism: a spring-loaded force balance that opens on overpressure and reseats on its own
A relief valve operates "on a simple force balance—upstream pressure pushes up on a disc seated against a nozzle, while a spring pushes down," and for as long as the spring wins, the disc stays seated and the valve is leak-tight. The moment that balance flips — pressure acting on the seat area exceeding the spring's preload — the disc lifts off the nozzle seat at what is called the cracking pressure, and "the valve will 'pop' open," with flow then controlled by the primary orifice rather than the narrow gap between the seating surfaces. Put more simply: "when the pressure of the line exceeds the set pressure, the disk starts to lift allowing the fluid to flow through the outlet and release pressure," and once enough has discharged to bring pressure back down, "the spring pushes back the disk in positive to close the valve preventing further release of fluid." The gap between the set (opening) pressure and the reseat pressure is called blowdown, and it is a controlled design feature, not a defect: "when the ring is moved upward, blowdown is increased (lowering the reseating pressure), and when it is moved downward, the blowdown is decreased."
